Parathyroid disorders: overview of common symptoms

Tiny parathyroid glands in the neck play a key role in controlling calcium and phosphorus levels throughout the body. When these glands do not function as they should, parathyroid disorders can develop, causing either too much or too little parathyroid hormone (PTH) to circulate. This imbalance may bring about a range of health problems, from mild symptoms to more serious complications. By learning to identify common signs linked to these disorders, people can gain valuable insight into how parathyroid health affects the body and why early detection remains important for maintaining well-being.

Symptoms of Hyperparathyroidism

When the parathyroid glands produce too much PTH, it causes a condition known as hyperparathyroidism. Elevated PTH levels increase calcium in the blood, a state called hypercalcemia. Symptoms linked to hyperparathyroidism often reflect the effects of high calcium levels and may include fatigue, muscle weakness, and joint pain. Individuals frequently experience bone pain or fragility because excess PTH can accelerate bone loss, leading to osteoporosis or fractures.

Other common symptoms include abdominal discomfort such as nausea, vomiting, or constipation. Some people report mental changes like confusion, forgetfulness, or depression. Increased thirst and frequent urination are also typical, as high calcium levels can interfere with kidney function. In some cases, individuals may notice a decrease in appetite or unexplained weight loss. These symptoms can vary in severity and may develop gradually over time.

Symptoms of Hypoparathyroidism

Hypoparathyroidism occurs when the parathyroid glands produce insufficient PTH, leading to low calcium levels in the blood, a condition known as hypocalcemia. Symptoms associated with low calcium often manifest as neuromuscular irritability and can include tingling sensations or numbness in the lips, fingers, or toes. Muscle cramps and spasms, sometimes called tetany, are common and may cause stiffness or twitching.

Individuals with hypoparathyroidism may also experience fatigue, weakness, or mood changes such as irritability or anxiety. In some cases, visual disturbances can occur due to increased calcium deposits in the eyes. Severe hypocalcemia can lead to seizures or cardiac issues, highlighting the importance of recognizing early symptoms. The presentation of symptoms can be subtle initially, making awareness essential for timely identification.

Other Notable Symptoms and Considerations

Recognizing these symptoms helps identify potential parathyroid problems. Consulting healthcare professionals can confirm the cause and recommend necessary tests.